Stumping rejuvenation technology of sand-fixation shrub plantations
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图 1 Pictures before (a, March 20, 2017), during (b, March 20, 2017), and after (c, July 5, 2018) stumping rejuvenation of a Caragana microphylla shrubbery in the southwest sand dune (119.65E, 43.03N) of Ashkhansumu, Ongniud Banner, Chifeng City.
表 1
Climate zones Temperate semi-arid zone Average annual precipitation/mm 200-350mm Average annual evaporation/mm 1500-2000mm Average annual temperature/℃ 1.5-6.0℃ Maximum temperature/℃ 40℃ Minimum temperature/℃ -23℃ Average annual wind speed/ m/s 1.8-3.5 m/s Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations. 
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表 2
Province County Township Climate zones Longitude Latitude Elevation/m Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region Ongniud Banner Ashhansumu Semiarid areas 119°39′E 42°17'N 480
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表 3 Topographical conditions
Elevation Topography Slope gradient Slope direction Slope position ■ < 100 m ■ Flat lands ■ Flat (0-5%) ■ Sunny ■ Up □ 101-500 m ■ Hillside ■ Gentle (6-15%) ■ Shady ■ Middle ■ 501-1, 000 m □ Hilly slopes ■ Slope (16-25%) ■ Half-sunny ■ Down □ 1, 001-1, 500 m ■ Slopes □ Steep (26-35%) ■ Half-shady □ 1, 501-2, 000 m □ Valley floor □ 2, 001-2, 500 m ■ Sand dunes □ 2501-3, 000 m ■ Flat sandy land □ Cultivated land that slopes gently
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表 4 Soil condition
Soil types Soil texture Effective soil layer thickness Organic matter content of surface soils Soil hardness Soil gravel content ■ Aeolian sandy soil ■ Sandy soil ■ 0-20 cm □ High (> 3%) □ High ■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%) ■ Calcium chestnut soil ■ Sandy loamy soil ■ 20-50 cm ■ Medium (1-3%) ■ Medium ■ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%) □ Brown calcium soil □ Loamy soil □ 50-100 cm ■ Low (< 1%) ■ Low □ Gravelly soil (10-30%) □ Cinnamon soil □ Clay □ 100-200 cm □ Light gravel (30-50%) □ Saline-alkali soil □ > 200 cm □ Medium gravel (50-70%) □ Others: □ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)
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表 5 Vegetation status
Vegetation types Community coverage Vegetation degradation status ■ Planted forest: (Caragana microphylla and Cauliflower-shaped) □ < 5% □ Light ■ Sandy vegetation: (Salix gordejevii and Salix) □ 5-15% ■ Moderate ■ Bush: (Caragana microphylla and Cauliflower-shaped) ■ 15-25% ■ Severe □ Grassland: (what kind of community) ■ 25-40% ■ Artificial forest with dead treetops □ Meadow: (what kind of community) □ > 40% ■ Artificial forest with dead trees □ Others:
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表 7 For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.
Technological flow The main points of the technology Season/month of implementation 1. Stumping Tools: sharp machete, axe or professional branch shears; Stubble height: 0-5cm from the ground, 20-50cm in areas with strong wind and sand activity.
Stand age of being stumped: usually 4-5 years, some shrub species may be 2-3 years old.
Stumping cycle: usually 4-5 years, some shrub species 2-3 years or 5-6 years.
Stumping reserve coverage: usually 20-50%.
Proportion and distribution of stumping area and reserved area: areas with strong wind and sand activity or low vegetation cover could choose belt stumping. Stumping and reserved area ratio, 1:1, with belt wide 2-3m; or 1:2 with belt wide 3-5 m; or block stumping in areas with light wind and sand activity or high vegetation cover (ratio 1:2 or 1:3).
Other requirements:Period from leaf fall to the following spring, i.e. during the soil freezing period. Areas with strong sand activity or low vegetation cover could be implemented in March each year before the soil thaws. Areas with light sand activity or high vegetation cover can be implemented from November to March of the following year (after soil frozen and before soil thaw). 2. Post-stumping nurturing and management Fencing: strict fencing measures for 1-3 years after stumping, than light grazing or continuous fencing could be applied after the shrubs have recovered.
Fertilizer application: none
Irrigation: none
Other requirements:Enclosures throughout the year 3. Others
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表 8
Labour costs 750 RMB/ha Mechanical stubble cost 500 RMB/ha Cost of materials 0 RMB/ha Water cost (if irrigation was required) 0 RMB/ha Total cost 12500 RMB/ha
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