Matching technologies for soil quality and production improvement in desertified and alkalized grassland
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图 1 Comparisons before (left, June 25, 2017) and after (right, vegetation height 160 cm, August 26, 2018) soil amelioration applied in a saline-alkali grassland in Wulanaodu area, Ongniute Banner, Inner Mongolia. Application: plowing and harrowing + resowing Astragalus adsurgens + biochar + base fertilizer)
表 1
Climate zones Temperate semi-arid zone Average annual precipitation/mm 300-400mm Average annual evaporation/mm 2200-2500mm Average annual temperature/℃ 6℃ Maximum temperature/℃ 37℃ Minimum temperature/℃ -28℃ Average annual wind speed/ m/s < 4.5 m/s Note: Precipitation, evaporation, air temperature and wind speed in the table are average values over the 1980-2010 period. The climatic data were obtained from local national weather stations. 
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表 2
Province County Township Climate zones Longitude Latitude Elevation/m Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Ongniud Banner Ashhansumu Temperate semi-arid zone 119°39ˊE 43°20ˊN 430
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表 3 Topographical conditions
Elevation Topography Slope gradient Slope direction Slope position ■ < 100 m ■ Flat lands ■ Flat (0-5%) □ Sunny □ Up ■ 101-500 m □ Hillside □ Gentle (6-15%) □ Shady □ Middle ■ 501-1, 000 m □ Hilly slopes □ Slope (16-25%) □ Half-sunny □ Down □ 1, 001-1, 500 m □ Slopes □ Steep (26-35%) □ Half-shady □ 1, 501-2, 000 m □ Valley floor □ 2, 001-2, 500 m □ Sand dunes □ 2501-3, 000 m ■ Flat sandy land ■ Cultivated land that slopes gently
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表 4 Soil condition
Soil types Soil texture Effective soil layer thickness Organic matter content of surface soils Soil hardness Soil gravel content ■ Aeolian sandy soil ■ Sandy soil ■ 0-20 cm □ High (> 3%) ■ High ■ Light gravelly soil (1-5%) □ Calcium chestnut soil ■ Sandy loamy soil □ 20-50 cm ■ Medium (1-3%) ■ Medium □ Medium gravelly soil (5-10%) □ Brown calcium soil ■ Loamy soil □ 50-100 cm ■ Low (< 1%) ■ Low □ Gravelly soil (10-30%) □ Cinnamon soil □ Clay □ 100-200 cm □ Light gravel (30-50%) ■ Saline-alkali soil □ > 200 cm □ Medium gravel (50-70%) □ Others: □ Heavy gravel soil (> 70%)
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表 5 Vegetation status
Vegetation types Community coverage Vegetation degradation status □ Planted forest: (what kind of community) □ < 5% □ Light ■ Sandy vegetation: (Annual Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae and Artemisia are the main plants) □ 5-15% □ Moderate ■ Bush: (Caragana microphylla, Artemisia chabaga, Polygonum cuspidatum and other sparse shrubs) □ 15-25% ■ Severe □ Grassland: (Temperate meadow grassland and temperate grassland) □ 25-40% □ Artificial forest with dead treetops ■Meadow: (Leymus chinensis - miscellaneous grass community, reed community, Stellera chamaejasme community, tiger tail grass community, etc) ■ > 40% □ Artificial forest with dead trees □Others:
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表 7 For specific technologies, please fill in the relevant information by selecting the technology category below.
Technical flow The main points of the technology Season/month of implementation 1. Land preparation Land preparation: turned over the soil of sandy and alkaline grassland by rubber wheels tractor with a five-furrow plough
Tilling depth: > 20 cmConstruction after the local high wind period, usually late May to early June 2. Soil amelioration Amelioration: sow after soil be turned over and be applied soil conditioner. Type of soil conditioner: biochar can be applied to both sandy and alkaline grassland; CaSO4 can be added to heavily alkaline grassland
Amount of soil conditioner applied: biochar 1 t/Mu; CaSO4 100Kg/MuIbid 3. Application of base fertilizer Base fertilizer type: Biochar-based compound fertilizer or other NPK compound fertilizer
Quantity to be applied: 100 kg/Mu
Other requirements.Application of subsoil fertilizer in conjunction with rototilling 4 Sowing Plant species: Sativa, Alfalfa, Grass Mignonette, Phyllanthus Seed requirements: seed germination > 70%; if germination is low, sow more seeds
Sowing method: mechanical sowing, in strips, 40 cm apart.
Sowing rate: 1.0-1.5 Kg per acre.
Sowing ratio: single sowing of sodbusters or alfalfa; or mixed sowing of 1/3 grass miscanthus and Phyllanthus
Sowing depth: 2 cm
Fertilizer requirements: biochar-based fertilizer or other compound fertilizer Watering: thoroughly watering in case of drought after sowing to promote seedling emergence in sandy grassland; no watering in alkaline grassland
Other requirements:Usually late May to early June 5 Field management Enclosures: Enclosures are required after sowing
Fertilizer: Nitrogen or compound fertilizer before the rainy season: (NH4)2SO4 or biochar-based compound fertilizer at 15-25 kg/Acre for alkaline grassland; > 25 kg/Acre for sandy grassland
Irrigation: no irrigation is needed for alkaline grassland; sandy grassland should be re-watered 2-3 times during the seedling stage to maintain seedlings; after the second year, irrigation is generally not needed unless there is a long period of drought.
Replacing seedlings: sow seedlings or replenish seedlings by hand in serious areas. Other requirements:June-August 6 Others Among the above technical aspects, the replanting of high quality leguminous forage grasses on the basis of raking and the application of additional nitrogen fertilizer in the rainy season are the basic improvement measures; the application of additional soil conditioners and additional base fertilizers can be chosen according to the actual economic conditions. Schedules or annexes (if there are relevant technical parameters indicators, you can add the schedule or annex information here)
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表 8
Labour cost 188 RMB/ha Machinery cost 188 RMB/ha Material cost 6488 RMB/ha Water cost (if irrigation was required) 188 RMB/ha Total cost 7052 RMB/ha
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